Decoding a picture based on a reference picture set on an electronic device

ABSTRACT

A method for decoding a picture on an electronic device is described. The method includes obtaining a bitstream. The method also includes obtaining a current picture. The method further includes obtaining a relative reference picture set (RPS) parameter. The method additionally includes initializing an index value. Furthermore, the method includes processing another RPS parameter based on the index value. The method also includes decoding the current picture.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/492,983, filed on is a Sep. 22, 2014, which is a divisionalapplication of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/355,472, filed onJan. 20, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,867,852, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/354,277,filed on Jan. 19, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,693,793. The disclosures ofthe aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices. Morespecifically, the present disclosure relates to decoding a picture basedon a reference picture set on an electronic device.

BACKGROUND

Electronic devices have become smaller and more powerful in order tomeet consumer needs and to improve portability and convenience.Consumers have become dependent upon electronic devices and have come toexpect increased functionality. Some examples of electronic devicesinclude desktop computers, laptop computers, cellular phones, smartphones, media players, integrated circuits, etc.

Some electronic devices are used for processing and displaying digitalmedia. For example, portable electronic devices now allow for digitalmedia to be consumed at almost any location where a consumer may be.Furthermore, some electronic devices may provide download or streamingof digital media content for the use and enjoyment of a consumer.

The increasing popularity of digital media has presented severalproblems. For example, efficiently representing high-quality digitalmedia for storage, transmittal and playback presents several challenges.As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods thatrepresent digital media more efficiently may be beneficial.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of one or moreelectronic devices in which systems and methods for reducing referencepicture set (RPS) signal overhead may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a group ofpictures (GOP);

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an encoderon an electronic device;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method forreducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a more specific configuration of amethod for reducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating another more specificconfiguration of a method for reducing RPS signal overhead on anelectronic device;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a decoder onan electronic device;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of method forreducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method forderiving a partial RPS on an electronic device;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method forderiving an RPS template on an electronic device;

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method forcreating an indication to delete at least one reference picture on anelectronic device;

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method fordeleting at least one reference picture on an electronic device;

FIG. 13 illustrates various components that may be utilized in anelectronic device;

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method fordecoding a picture on an electronic device;

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating a more specific configuration ofa method for decoding a picture on an electronic device; and

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating another more specificconfiguration of a method decoding a picture on an electronic device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method for decoding a picture on an electronic device is described.The method includes obtaining a bitstream. The method also includesobtaining a current picture. The method further includes obtaining arelative reference picture set (RPS) parameter. The method additionallyincludes initializing an index value. Furthermore, the method includesprocessing another RPS parameter based on the index value. The methodalso includes decoding the current picture.

The relative RPS parameter may be a negative relative RPS parameter andthe other RPS parameter may be a positive RPS parameter. Initializingthe index value may be based on the relative negative RPS parameter. Theindex value may be initialized to an absolute value of a smallest RPSparameter.

The method may also include obtaining a symmetric flag. The symmetricflag may indicate that the relative negative RPS parameter correspondsto the positive RPS parameter.

Initializing the index value may be based on the relative negative RPSparameter and the symmetric flag. The index value may be initialized tothe absolute value of a smallest RPS parameter.

Processing the positive RPS parameter may include skipping processing ofat least one positive RPS parameter when the index value may beinitialized. Processing the positive RPS parameter may includegenerating the positive RPS parameter.

The negative RPS parameter may be obtained from a picture parameter set(PPS). The relative RPS parameter may be a positive relative RPSparameter and the other RPS parameter may be a negative RPS parameter.

An electronic device configured for decoding a picture is alsodescribed. The electronic device includes a processor and executableinstructions stored in memory that is in electronic communication withthe processor. The electronic device obtains a bitstream. The electronicdevice additionally obtains a current picture. The electronic devicefurther obtains a relative reference picture set (RPS) parameter. Theelectronic device also initializes an index value. Furthermore, theelectronic device processes another RPS parameter based on the indexvalue. The electronic device also decodes the current picture.

The systems and methods disclosed herein describe several configurationsfor reducing reference picture set (RPS) signal overhead on anelectronic device. For example, the systems and methods disclosed hereindescribe encoding and decoding an RPS. For instance, several approachesfor decoding an RPS are described. Additionally, approaches for encodingan RPS to achieve reduced signal overhead are also described.

A RPS is a set of reference pictures associated with a picture. An RPSmay include reference pictures that are prior to the associated picturein decoding order that may be used for inter prediction of theassociated picture and/or for any picture following the associatedpicture in decoding order. An RPS describes one or more referencepictures in the decoded picture buffer (DPB). This is accomplished inthe slice header of each picture. Previous video coding standards, suchas H.264/AVC referenced reference pictures in a relative manner. Anypictures in the DPB that are not a part of the reference picture set maybe marked as “unused for reference.”

A DPB may be used to store reconstructed (e.g., decoded) pictures at adecoder. These stored pictures may then be used, for example, in aninter-prediction mechanism. When pictures are decoded out of order, thepictures may be stored in the DPB so they can be displayed later inorder. Also, a picture in the DPB may be associated with a picture ordercount (POC). The POC may be a variable that is associated with eachencoded picture and that has a value that increases with increasingpicture position in an output order. In other words, the POC may be usedby the decoder to deliver the pictures in the correct order for display.The POC may also be used for identification of reference pictures duringreference picture list construction and decoded reference picturemarking.

In some configurations, reference pictures are referenced using eitherrelative (e.g., delta) referencing (using a deltaPOC and a currentPOC,for example) or absolute referencing (using the POC, for example). Forinstance, the DPB may contain a set of received pictures. A subset ofthese received pictures may use relative (e.g., delta) referencing andthe remaining received pictures may use absolute referencing. It shouldbe noted that one or more of the configurations of buffer descriptionsand syntaxes described herein may be implemented in combination with oneor more of the approaches (e.g., methods) described herein.

A RPS may contain a list of information of all reference pictures thatthe decoder shall keep. For example, this information may be stored as aset of indexes called deltaPOCs. A deltaPOC may be used to calculate thePOC of a reference picture. For instance, POC reference=POCcurrent+deltaPOC. In other words, by using the current POC of thepicture to be decoded and the deltaPOC of a reference picture, thereference picture may be located in a relative manner. Additionally anRPS may store a temporal ID for each reference picture and/or a flagwhich indicates if the particular reference picture is used by thecurrent picture.

An example of how an RPS works at on an electronic device follows.Suppose an Inter-frame (I-frame) picture is received followed twobidirectional predicted (B-frame) pictures, then followed by twobidirectional predicted (b-frame) pictures. A B-frame is a bidirectionalpredicted picture that is used for prediction by other pictures. Ab-frame is a bidirectional predicted picture that is not used forprediction by other pictures.

In other words, the order of receiving the pictures is I₀-B₁-B₂-b₁-b₂.In this example, the GOP size is 4.

Further suppose that the I-frame has a POC of 0, the first receivedb-frame has a POC of 1, the second received B-frame has a POC of 2, thefirst received b-frame has a POC of 3 and the first received B-frame hasa POC of 4. In other words, the POC order is I₀-b₁-B₂-b₂-B₁.Additionally, suppose that the I-frame serves as a reference picture forB₁, B₂ and b₁; B₁ serves as a reference picture for B₂, and b₂; and B₂serves as a reference picture for b₁ and b₂.

In this example, the second picture in decoding order (e.g., pictureB₁/POC 4) will include picture of POC 0 (e.g., I₀) in its RPS. To storeI₀/POC 0, B₁ may write deltaPOC=−4 into its RPS index value. In otherwords, the difference of the reference POC relative to current POC isstored in the RPS as an index value.

The third picture in decoding order (i.e., picture B₂/POC 2) willinclude pictures of POC 0 and POC 4 (e.g., B₁) in its RPS. Thus, theindex values of deltaPOC=−2 and 2 are stored in its RPS.

Continuing the example, the fourth picture in decoding order (i.e.,picture b₂/POC 1) may include both pictures of POC 0 (e.g., I₀) and POC2 (e.g., B₂) in its RPS. Further, b₂/POC 1 may also include POC 4 (e.g.,B₁) since that picture will be used for reference in the future. Here,deltaPOCs −1, 1, 3 are stored in its RPS. It should be noted that bothpositive and negative deltaPOCs may be stored in an RPS.

Finishing this example, the 5th picture in decoding order ((i.e.,picture b₁/POC 3) may include pictures of POC 2 (e.g., B₂) and POC 4(e.g., B₁) in its RPS. Thus, deltaPOC=−1 and 1 are the relative valuesstored in b₁'s RPS as index values. It may also be noted that b₁ doesnot need to include POC 0 (e.g., I₀) in its RPS unless I° is going to beused for reference in the future. If POC 0 (e.g., I₀) is not included inthe RPS of the b₁, it may be marked as “unused for reference.”

Once an RPS has been listed and constructed, it is ready to be signaled.There are various ways to signal an RPS. According to one approach, aset of templates associated with handling RPSs are signaled in thepicture parameter set (PPS) and referred to by each slice with an RPSindex in a slice header. Under another method, an RPS may be signaledexplicitly in a slice header.

Listing (1) below shows one example of syntax for signaling the RPS inthe PPS.

Listing (1) /* Reference picture set syntax for when the RPS is signaledin the PPS /* Descriptors used in all listings: ue(v): Unsigned integer,entropy coded variable length u(x): Unsigned x-bit(s) integer */pic_parameter_set ( ) { pic_parameter_set_id seq_paramater_set_identropy_coding_mode_flag num_ref_pic_sets for(idx=0; idx <num_ref_pic_sets_idx++) ref_pic_set(idx) ... } ref_pic_set(idx){num_negative_pics num_positive_pics for(i = 0; i < num_negative_pics;i++){ delta_poc_s0_minus1[i] used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[i] } for(i = 0; i< num_positive_pics; i++){ delta_poc_s1_minus1[i]used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[i] } }

partial_ref_pic_set_flag[i] indicates to use full RPS[i] to generate apartial RPS. Ref_flag specifies which reference index of the full RPS[i]is copied into the partial RPS.

seq_parameter_set_id identifies the sequence parameter set that isreferred to by the picture parameter set. The value ofseq_parameter_set_id shall be in the range of 0 to 31, inclusive.

pic_parameter_set_id identifies the picture parameter set that isreferred to in the slice header. The value of pic_parameter_set_id shallbe in the range of 0 to 255, inclusive. entropy_coding_mode_flagindicates the entropy decoding method to be applied for the syntaxelements.

num_ref_pic_sets specifies the number of reference picture sets that arespecified in the picture parameter set. num_negative_pics specifies thenumber of the following delta_poc_s0_minus1[i] andused_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[i] syntax elements. num_positive_pics specifiesthe number of the following delta_poc_s1_minus1 [i] andused_by_curr_pic_s1_flag1[i] syntax elements. delta_poc_s0_minus1 [i]plus 1 specifies an absolute difference between two picture order countvalues.

used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i^(th)reference picture that has picture order count less than that of thecurrent picture is not used for reference by the current picture.delta_poc_s1_minus1 [i] plus 1 specifies an absolute difference betweentwo picture order count values. used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[i] equal to 0specifies that the i^(th) reference picture that has picture order countgreater than that of the current picture is not used for reference bythe current picture.

It should be noted that the definitions given for parameters used inListing (1) may be applied to all listings given herein. Furthermore,parameter definitions be given in subsequent listings may also apply topreviously listed listings.

Listing (2) shows one example of syntax for signaling the RPS in a sliceheader.

Listing (2) /* Syntax for signaling the RPS in a slice header. */slice_header ( ) { ... if(IdrPicFlag){ ... } else { ...ref_pic_set_pps_flag if(!ref_pic_set_pps_flag)ref_pic_set(num_ref_pic_sets) else ref_pic_set_idx ... } }

ref_pic_set_pps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the reference picture setof the current picture shall be created using syntax elements in theactive picture parameter set. ref_pic_set_pps_flag equal to 0 specifiesthat the reference picture set of the current picture shall be createdusing syntax elements in the ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure in theslice header.

ref_pic_set_pps_idx specifies the index to the list of reference picturesets specified in the active picture parameter set that shall be usedfor creation of the reference picture set of the current picture.

Further, RPS templates may be signaled to a decoder to assist indecoding a picture. Templates may be for a Random Access common testcondition where eight pictures are grouped together (e.g., group ofpictures (GOP)). Table (1) below shows an RPS template for Random Accesscommon test condition (GOP=8). Some terms have been abbreviated forconvenience in Tables (1)-(4). These terms are abbreviated as follows:Temporal_id (TId), ref_buf_size (RBS) and RPS Index Values (RPS IndexValues).

TABLE (1) RPS RPS Idx # Type POC TId RBS ref_pic #ref_pics Values 1: B 80 4 1 4 −8 −10 −12 −16 2: B 4 0 2 1 3 −4 −6 4 3: B 2 0 2 1 4 −2 −4 2 64: B 1 0 2 0 4 −1 1 3 7 5: B 3 0 2 0 4 −1 −3 1 5 6: B 6 0 2 1 4 −2 −4 −62 7: B 5 0 2 0 4 −1 −5 1 3 8: B 7 0 2 0 4 −1 −3 −7 1

In Table (1), Type signifies the type of frame used. In this case, allFrames are B-frames. Note, Frame 0, which is not shown, is an I-frame.In Table (1), Temporal_id (TId) specifies the temporal layer ID of thisframe, ref_buf_size (RBS) is the reference buffer size needed by thecurrent picture, ref_pic indicates if the frame is a reference picturefor other pictures, #ref_pics is the number of reference pictures andRPS Index Values (RPS Idx Values) represent the index values of thereference pictures stored in each RPS for each corresponding frame.

An additional partial RPS may be generated for frames that have one ormore unavailable reference pictures due to instantaneous decodingrefresh (IDR) or clean random access (CRA). Table (2) shows a templatefor a partial RPS generated for a Random Access common test condition.

TABLE (2) RPS RPS Idx # Type POC TId RBS ref_pic #ref_pics Values 1: B 80 4 1 1 −8 2: B 4 0 2 1 2 −4 4 3: B 2 0 2 1 3 −2 2 6

A partial RPS may be created from a full RPS. In Table (1), the RPSindex for Frame 1 is −8, −10, −12 and −16. The RPS index for the partialRPS for Frame 1 in Table (2) is only −8. Similarly, Frames 2 and 3 inthe partial RPS have a lesser number of reference pictures in Table (2)than in the full RPS shown in Table (1). Thus, in this example, apartial RPS contains fewer RPS index values per frame than a full RPS.

Table (3) shows the template for a Low Delay common test condition,where GOP equals 4.

TABLE (3) RPS RPS Idx # Type POC TId RBS ref_pic #ref_pics Values 1 B 10 4 1 4 −1 −5 −9 −13 2 B 2 0 4 1 4 −1 −2 −6 −10 3 B 3 0 4 1 4 −1 −3 −7−11 4 B 4 0 4 1 4 −1 −4 −8 −12

In Table (3), each GOP has four pictures. In the template, there arealso four RPSs that correspond to pictures at each POC position:

RPS[0], which has index values of [−1, −5, −9, −13] for POC 1;

RPS[1], which has index values of [−1 −2 −6 −10] for POC 2;

RPS[2], which has index values of [−1, −3, −7, −11] for POC 3; and

RPS[3], which has index values of [−1, −4, −8, −12] for POC 4;

for a sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, etc.

Table (4) shows a template for a partial RPS generated for a Low Delaycommon test condition. Table (4) is a continuation of Table (3).

TABLE (4) RPS Idx RPS# Type POC TId RBS ref_pic #ref_pics Values 5 B 1 04 1 1 −1 6 B 2 0 4 1 2 −1 −2 7 B 3 0 4 1 3 −1 −2 −3 8 B 4 0 4 1 4 −1 −2−3 −4 9 B 1 0 4 1 4 −1 −2 −3 −5 10 B 2 0 4 1 4 −1 −2 −3 −6 11 B 3 0 4 14 −1 −2 −3 −7 12 B 4 0 4 1 4 −1 −2 −4 −8 13 B 1 0 4 1 4 −1 −2 −5 −9

In Table (4), additional index references are generated for frames thathave unavailable reference pictures. A reference picture may beunavailable due to IDR or CRA. When generating a partial RPS for the LowDelay common test case, pictures for the first few frames in the GOPafter an IDR or CRA are selected. For example, Frames 1 to 4 at start ofa sequence belong to the first GOP, it will use partial RPS[5] toRPS[8], which are derived from RPS[0] to RPS[3]. Frames 5 to 8 belong tothe second GOP and will use partial RPS[9] to RPS[12,] which are alsoderived from RPS[0] to RPS[3]. Frames 9 belongs to the third GOP andwill use partial RPS[13] which is derived from RPS[0].

In some configurations, the electronic device deriving the partial RPSmay employ rules to derive partial the RPS from the full RPS. Forexample, RPS Numbers 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13 may all add the RPS indexvalue −2 (indicated in bold). Note that this RPS index value is relativeand is dependent on the current frame position (e.g., current POC).Further, RPS Numbers 8, 9 and 10 each add the RPS index value of −3(indicated in bold).

According to known approaches, such as that specified in High EfficiencyVideo Coding (HEVC) test model (HM) 5.0, both the full RPS and partialRPS are signaled in the bitstream. For example, RPS templates, includinga full RPS and a partial RPS are sent in a PPS at the start of picture.This leads to unnecessary overhead being sent in the bitstream. Thisoverhead of signaling RPS templates in PPS may be from several hundredto several thousands of bits, for example. Further, extra andunnecessary work is also performed at the encoder to generate a partialRPS. Thus, one of the benefits on the systems and methods disclosedherein is that RPS signaling overhead is reduced by generating partialRPS templates at the decoder side based on a received full RPS.

Also, according to known approaches, such as that specified in HM5.0,within one RPS, reference picture indexes are differentially coded amongthe negative indexes and among the positive indexes. Thus, it may bebeneficial to reduce the number of signaled bits by employing thesystems and methods disclosed herein to reduce the number bits for anRPS template. For example, this may be accomplished by reducing thenumber of bits required to code a list of RPS index values.

The systems and methods disclosed herein may provide one or moreadditional benefits in reducing RPS signal overhead. In oneconfiguration, symmetry characteristics of positive and negativereference indexes may be employed to reduce the bits used for codingpositive RPS index values (e.g., reference indexes). Under anotherconfiguration, a partial RPS may be derived at the decoder rather thansending the partial RPS in the bitstream. Additionally or alternatively,frequently used RPS templates at both the encoder and decoder side maybe defined, allowing the template to be signaled by a simple index inthe PPS. Additionally or alternatively, a partial RPS may be signaled byreferring to a full RPS and deleting some of the reference pictures toarrive at the partial RPS.

Various configurations are now described with reference to the Figures,where like reference numbers may indicate functionally similar elements.The systems and methods as generally described and illustrated in theFigures herein could be arranged and designed in a wide variety ofdifferent configurations. Thus, the following more detailed descriptionof several configurations, as represented in the Figures, is notintended to limit scope, as claimed, but is merely representative of thesystems and methods.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of one or moreelectronic devices 102 a-b in which systems and methods for reducing RPSsignal overhead may be implemented. In this example, electronic device A102 a and electronic device B 102 b are illustrated. However, it shouldbe noted that one or more of the features and functionality described inrelation to electronic device A 102 a and electronic device B 102 b maybe combined into a single electronic device in some configurations.

Electronic device A 102 a includes an encoder 104 and an RPS indexinitializer module (initializer module) 108. Each of the elementsincluded within electronic device A 102 a (e.g., the encoder 104 and theinitializer module 108) may be implemented in hardware, software or acombination of both.

Electronic device A 102 a may obtain an input picture 106. In someconfigurations, the input picture 106 may be captured on electronicdevice A 104 a using an image sensor, retrieved from memory and/orreceived from another electronic device.

The encoder 104 may encode the input picture 106 to produce encodeddata. For example, the encoder 104 may encode a series of input pictures106 (e.g., video). In one configuration, the encoder 104 may be a HEVCencoder. The encoded data may be digital data (e.g., a bitstream). Theencoder 104 may generate overhead signaling based on the input signal.

The initializer module 108 may be used in processing RPS index values.For example, the initializer module 108 may initialize values used inthe processing of positive reference pictures. This data may be recordedin a PPS and an index to it may be signaled in the slice header of apicture.

More detail on kinds of initializations that may be produced byelectronic device A 102 a is given below. It should be noted that theinitializer module 108 may be included within the encoder 104 in someconfigurations. The initializer module 108 may enable reduced RPSsignaling overhead.

The encoder 104 (and initializer module 108, for example) may produce abitstream 114. The bitstream 114 may include encoded picture data basedon the input picture 106. In some configurations, the bitstream 114 mayalso include overhead data, such as slice header information, PPSinformation, etc. More detail on overhead data is given below. Asadditional input pictures 106 are encoded, the bitstream 114 may includeone or more encoded pictures. For instance, the bitstream 114 mayinclude one or more encoded reference pictures and/or other pictures.

The bitstream 114 may be provided to a decoder 112. In one example, thebitstream 114 may be transmitted to electronic device B 102 b using awired or wireless link. In some cases, this may be done over a network,such as the Internet or a Local Area Network (LAN). As illustrated inFIG. 1, the decoder 112 may be implemented on electronic device B 102 bseparately from the encoder 104 on electronic device A 102 a. However,it should be noted that the encoder 104 and decoder 112 may beimplemented on the same electronic device in some configurations. In animplementation where the encoder 104 and decoder 112 are implemented onthe same electronic device, for instance, the bitstream 114 may beprovided over a bus to the decoder 112 or stored in memory for retrievalby the decoder 112.

The decoder 112 may be implemented in hardware, software or acombination of both. In one configuration, the decoder 112 may be a HEVCdecoder. The decoder 112 may receive (e.g., obtain) the bitstream 114.The decoder 112 may generate a decoded picture 118 (e.g., one or moredecoded pictures 118) based on the bitstream 114. The decoded picture118 may be displayed, played back, stored in memory and/or transmittedto another device, etc.

The decoder 112 may include a partial RPS determination module 120, anRPS template module 122 and/or an RPS deletion module 124. The partialRPS determination module 120 may enable the decoder 112 to generate apartial RPS at the decoder. For example, partial RPS determinationmodule 120 may generate a partial RPS based on a full RPS received atthe decoder 112. The partial RPS determination module 120 is describedin greater detail below.

The RPS template module 122 may create an RPS template based on signalsreceived in the bitstream 114. For example the RPS template module 122may use a GOP size, a coding structure and rules obtained from thebitstream to create a template. The RPS template module 122 is describedin greater detail below.

In some configurations, the RPS deletion module 124 may identify missingreference pictures and send feedback to the encoder 104, signaling thatone or more reference pictures are missing. The RPS deletion module 124may obtain instructions in the bitstream to delete one or more picturesin a current or previously received RPS. In other configurations, an RPSdeletion instructions may be received without sending feedback to theencoder. The RPS deletion module 124 is described in greater detailbelow.

In another example, such as a scalable coding scenario, a bitstream maycontain pictures of different resolutions. In this example, thereference picture collection may include (e.g., identify) differentresolution versions of the same picture.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a group ofpictures (GOP) 228. In some configurations, the GOP 228 may be in ahierarchy coding structure, such as Hierarchy B structure with a codingorder of minimum decoding delay. For instance, the GOP 228 may be in ahierarchical prediction structure with four dyadic hierarchy stages. Itshould be noted that the number of pictures in the GOP 228 may be eight(e.g., GOP size=8) in some configurations, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 illustrates one or more pictures 226. In some instances, thesepictures may be reference pictures. Each picture 226 may belong to ahierarchy stage. For instance, I-frame pictures 226 may have a basehierarchy stage, such as stage 0. In some cases, the I-frames may be anIDR picture. B-frames may have stages of 1, 2 or 3. In some cases, thestages may correspond to temporal scalability. In other words, as thestates increase in number, so does the ability to refine the currentpicture. In this way, a picture 226 with a lower stage can employ highercorresponding pictures 226 to add clarity and refinement.

The GOP 228 may be ordered by display order or a POC 229. However, thecoding order 230 or order in which the pictures are obtained from abitstream may be different from the POC 229 order.

In some configurations, the pictures 226 in a GOP 228 are ordered in asymmetrical hierarchal pattern. In this type of configuration, thesmallest distance to a negative reference picture and a positivereference picture may be the same. That is, the absolute value ofpositive deltaPOC and negative deltaPOC in RPS are usually the same.

For example, suppose POC 2 is the current POC 231 that indicates acurrent picture to be decoded. To decode the picture indicated by thecurrent POC 231, one or more of the RPS index values 232 must beobtained. In this example, the picture indicated by the current POC 231uses pictures indicated by POC 2, POC 4 and POC 6 to be decoded. Ratherthan using absolute values, the current POC 231 uses relative valuesstored in an RPS to locate reference pictures. In some cases, the RPS isobtained directly from the slice header in a picture 226. In othercases, the RPS is located in the PPS as signaled from the slice headerof the corresponding picture 226. Here, current POC 231 obtains the RPSindex values of [−2, 2, 4]. That is, current POC 231 employs deltaPOC233 a, deltaPOC 233 b and deltaPOC 233 c to decode the picture 226.

In this example, where the current POC is POC 2, the symmetricalhierarchy nature of a GOP 228 may be beneficial in reducing the RPSsignaling overhead. The current POC 231 that has a negative deltaPOC 233a (e.g., −2) will likely have a corresponding symmetrical positivedeltaPOC 233 b (e.g., 2). Using this symmetry, approaches for reducingRPS signal overhead can be employed. Various such approaches (e.g.,methods) are described in greater detail below in connection with FIGS.5 and 6.

In another example, assuming that the currentPOC is POC 4, then one RPSindex value may be deltaPOC −4. Additionally, POC 4 may also have anindex value of deltaPOC=4 in its RPS, which refers to the referencepicture POC 8. Further RPS reference pictures for currentPOC=POC 4 maybe POC 2 and POC 6. Thus, the RPS index values may be [−4, −2, 2, 4].

In yet another example, assuming that the currentPOC is POC 2, then theRPS may include pictures corresponding to POC 0 and POC 4. Additionally,the index value deltaPOC=6 may be stored in its RPS. This is because theRPS index value of deltaPOC=6 refers to a reference picture that mayneed to be kept in the decoder since it may be used as a referencepicture by future pictures. In other words, RPS index values withpositive deltaPOC values indicating one or more pictures may need to bekept in the decoder to serve as reference pictures for a future picturethat may need to be decoded.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an encoder304 on an electronic device 302. It should be noted that one or more ofthe elements illustrated as included within the electronic device 302may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both. Forexample, the electronic device 302 includes an encoder 304, which may beimplemented in hardware, software or a combination of both. Forinstance, the encoder 304 may be implemented as a circuit, integratedcircuit, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), processor inelectronic communication with memory with executable instructions,firmware, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), etc., or a combinationthereof. In some configurations, the encoder 304 may be a HEVC coder.

The electronic device 302 may include a supplier 334. The supplier 334may provide picture or image data (e.g., video) as a source 306 to theencoder 304. Examples of the supplier 334 include image sensors, memory,communication interfaces, network interfaces, wireless receivers, ports,etc.

The source 306 may be provided to an intra-frame prediction module andreconstruction buffer 340. The source 306 may also be provided to amotion estimation and motion compensation module 366 and to asubtraction module 346.

The intra-frame prediction module and reconstruction buffer 340 maygenerate intra mode information 358 and an intra signal 342 based on thesource 306 and reconstructed data 380. The motion estimation and motioncompensation module 366 may generate inter mode information 368 and aninter signal 344 based on the source 306 and a reference picture buffer396 signal 398.

The reference picture buffer 396 signal 398 may include data from one ormore reference pictures stored in the reference picture buffer 396. Thereference picture buffer 396 may also include an RPS index initializermodule 308. The initializer module 308 may process reference pictures226 corresponding to the buffering and list construction of an RPS.

The encoder 304 may select between the intra signal 342 and the intersignal 344 in accordance with a mode. The intra signal 342 may be usedin order to exploit spatial characteristics within a picture in an intracoding mode. The inter signal 344 may be used in order to exploittemporal characteristics between pictures in an inter coding mode. Whilein the intra coding mode, the intra signal 342 may be provided to thesubtraction module 346 and the intra mode information 358 may beprovided to an entropy coding module 360. While in the inter codingmode, the inter signal 344 may be provided to the subtraction module 346and the inter mode information 368 may be provided to the entropy codingmodule 360.

Either the intra signal 342 or the inter signal 344 (depending on themode) is subtracted from the source 306 at the subtraction module 346 inorder to produce a prediction residual 348. The prediction residual 348is provided to a transformation module 350. The transformation module350 may compress the prediction residual 348 to produce a transformedsignal 352 that is provided to a quantization module 354. Thequantization module 354 quantizes the transformed signal 352 to producetransformed and quantized coefficients (TQCs) 356.

The TQCs 356 are provided to an entropy coding module 360 and an inversequantization module 370. The inverse quantization module 370 performsinverse quantization on the TQCs 356 to produce an inverse quantizedsignal 372 that is provided to an inverse transformation module 374. Theinverse transformation module 374 decompresses the inverse quantizedsignal 372 to produce a decompressed signal 376 that is provided to areconstruction module 378.

The reconstruction module 378 may produce reconstructed data 380 basedon the decompressed signal 376. For example, the reconstruction module378 may reconstruct (modified) pictures. The reconstructed data 380 maybe provided to a deblocking filter 382 and to the intra predictionmodule and reconstruction buffer 340. The deblocking filter 382 mayproduce a filtered signal 384 based on the reconstructed data 380.

The filtered signal 384 may be provided to a sample adaptive offset(SAO) module 386. The SAO module 386 may produce SAO information 388that is provided to the entropy coding module 360 and an SAO signal 390that is provided to an adaptive loop filter (ALF) 392. The ALF 392produces an ALF signal 394 that is provided to the reference picturebuffer 396. The ALF signal 394 may include data from one or morepictures that may be used as reference pictures.

The entropy coding module 360 may code the TQCs 356 to produce abitstream 314. Also, the entropy coding module 360 may code the TQCs 356using Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) orContext-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC). In particular, theentropy coding module 360 may code the TQCs 356 based on one or more ofintra mode information 358, inter mode information 368 and SAOinformation 388. The bitstream 314 may include coded picture data.

Quantization, involved in video compression such as HEVC, is a lossycompression technique achieved by compressing a range of values to asingle quantum value. The quantization parameter (QP) is a predefinedscaling parameter used to perform the quantization based on both thequality of reconstructed video and compression ratio. The block type isdefined in HEVC to represent the characteristics of a given block basedon the block size and its color information. QP, resolution informationand block type may be determined before entropy coding. For example, theelectronic device 302 (e.g., the encoder 304) may determine the QP,resolution information and block type, which may be provided to theentropy coding module 360.

The entropy coding module 360 may determine the block size based on ablock of TQCs 356. For example, block size may be the number of TQCs 356along one dimension of the block of TQCs. In other words, the number ofTQCs 356 in the block of TQCs may be equal to block size squared. Forinstance, block size may be determined as the square root of the numberof TQCs 356 in the block of TQCs. Resolution may be defined as a pixelwidth by a pixel height. Resolution information may include a number ofpixels for the width of a picture, for the height of a picture or both.Block size may be defined as the number of TQCs 356 along one dimensionof a 2D block of TQCs.

In some configurations, the bitstream 314 may be transmitted to anotherelectronic device. For example, the bitstream 314 may be provided to acommunication interface, network interface, wireless transmitter, port,etc. For instance, the bitstream 314 may be transmitted to anotherelectronic device via LAN, the Internet, a cellular phone base station,etc. The bitstream 314 may additionally or alternatively be stored inmemory on the electronic device 302.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 400for reducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device 302. Theelectronic device 302 may obtain 402 a picture 226. For example, thepicture 226 may be received from a supplier 334. In some instances, thepicture 226 may be obtained from a remote source.

The picture 226 may be encoded 404. This may be performed, for example,on an encoder 304. The encoder 304 may be an HEVC type encoder 304.

A RPS corresponding to the picture 226 based on an initialized indexvalue may be indicated 406. For example, this indication may be made inthe slice header of the picture 226 and/or in the PPS of the picture226. The initialized value may assist the electronic device 302 inprocessing the RPS. In some cases, the initialized value may help reduceRPS signal overhead. In some cases, using the initialized value mayresult in smaller RPS index values being sent in the bitstream 314, thusreducing overhead. For instance, smaller RPS index values may berepresented with fewer bits to reduce overhead. In other cases, usingthe initialized index value may result in one less RPS index value beingsent in the bitstream 314, which also reduces RPS signaling overhead.

The electronic device 302 may send 408 a bitstream. The bitstream 314may be sent 408 to the same electronic device 302 and/or a remotedevice. The bitstream 314 may include the encoded picture and an RPS.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a more specific configuration of amethod 500 for reducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device 302.In one configuration, the electronic device 302 may obtain 502 a picture226 and encode 504 the picture 226 as discussed previously.

The electronic device 302 may initialize 506 an index value based on arelative negative RPS parameter. For example, the electronic device 302may process a reference picture to obtain both negative and positive RPSindex values. The positive and negative reference pictures may beprocessed individually. These processes are shown below in Listing (3).

Listing (3) illustrates syntax of one known method for coding positiveRPS index values. Specifically, Listing (3) is designed for processingRandom Access Hierarchy B under BM 5.0.

Listing (3) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++){ write( prev− RPS_deltaPoc(j) − 1); prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j); ... } prev = 0; For(j=0; j < num_positive_pics; j++){ k = num_negative_pics+ j;write(RPS_deltaPoc(k) − prev − 1); prev = RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

RPS_deltaPOC refers to the RPS index values. RPS_deltaPOC[0] toRPS_deltaPOC[num_negative_pics−1] stores the negative RPS index values.RPS_deltaPOC[num_negative_pics] toRPS_deltaPOC[num_negative_pics+num_positive_pics−1] stores the positiveRPS index values.

Listing (3) illustrates pseudo code for one approach of processingpositive RPS index values. For example, an RPS with reference indexes[−2, −4, 2], first codes the negative RPS picture indexes. Then thepositive picture indexes are differentially coded. This results in fourRPS index values. In processing both the positive and the negativereference RPS index values, the previous index value or “prev” is set to0. This is always the case when processing the positive RPS index value.prev is initialized independently of the number of negative pictures orany negative RPS parameters. In this example, when the RPS index valuesare [−2, −4, 2], 9 bits are required to send the RPS index values.

In contrast to Listing (3), the systems and methods disclosed hereindescribe that an index value may be initialized 506 based on a relativenegative RPS parameter. Thus, rather than initializing prev to 0 eachtime the positive RPS index values are processed, prev is initializedbased on a negative RPS parameter. Listing (4) illustrates an example ofpseudo code that illustrates this distinction. Modifications to thesyntax in accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein aredenoted in bold.

Listing (4) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++) { write(prev − RPS_deltaPoc(j) − 1); prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j); ... } prev =(smallest absolute value of negative RPS _(—) deltaPoc) − 1; For (j=0; j< num_positive_pics; j++) { k = num_negative_pics+ j;write(RPS_deltaPoc(k) − prev − 1); prev = RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

As illustrated in Listing (4), prev may be initialized to the smallestabsolute value of negative RPS_deltaPoc minus 1. It should be noted thatthe terms RPS_deltaPOC and RPS index values may be used interchangeably.The smallest absolute value of negative RPS_deltaPoc is the absolutevalue of the smallest negative reference picture stored in the RPS indexfor a current picture. For example, if a current picture contains therelative reference RPS index values of [−4, −6, 4], −4 and −6 are thenegative RPS_deltaPoc index values. When the absolute values of each aretaken, 4 and 6 are obtained, respectively. Taking the smallest valueresults in obtaining 4.

In a known approach, RPS_deltaPOC values are arranged in ascending orderby absolute value within the negative RPS_deltaPOC index values andwithin the positive RPS_deltaPOC index values to ensure that thedifference values coded are not negative. This allows for less bits whencoding because negative numbers are avoided. In general, a negativenumber takes more bits to code than a positive bit that is the absolutevalue of the same negative number. Under this approach, the smallestabsolute value of negative RPS_deltaPoc may be located atRPS_deltaPoc(0).

Applying this example, prev=(smallest absolute value of negativeRPS_deltaPoc)−1, prev=(4)−1=3. In another example where the smallestabsolute value of negative of RPS_deltaPoc is 5, prev would equal 4.Thus, the prev index value may be dependent on a negative RPS parametervalue such as the smallest absolute value of negative of RPS_deltaPoc.

Using the initialized value, the electronic device 302 may process 508 apositive number of pictures based on the index value. In one example,suppose a current picture has an RPS reference index values of [−2, −4,2]. When the positive reference pictures are processed and prev isinitialized to the smallest absolute value of negative of RPS_deltaPoc,prev equals 1 (e.g., (|−2|)−1=1). To process the first positive value(e.g., 2), RPS_deltaPoc(k)−prev−1 is employed. RPS_deltaPoc(k) equalsthe value of the first positive RPS index value to be processed. In thisexample, RPS_deltaPoc(k) equals 2. prev equals 1, as shown above. Thus,RPS_deltaPoc(k)−prev−1=2−1−1=0.

This processing results in a coding of [−2, −4, 0] rather than [−2, −4,2]. Thus, 8 bits rather than 9 bits are required and overhead isreduced. Due to the symmetrical nature of the coding structure,initializing the index value based on the relative negative RPSparameter will generally result in the first positive index referencevalue equaling zero. Thus, as the first positive index reference valueincreases, the number of bits saved also increases.

In some instances, the electronic device 302 may process only the firstpositive RPS index value in the set of RPS index values based on therelative negative RPS parameter. Each subsequent positive index valuemay be processed, as shown in Listing (3). In this case, overhead isreduced for the first positive index value for each RPS of each picturesent in the bitstream 114.

The electronic device 302 may send 510 a bitstream 114. By applying thesystems and methods described herein, the RPS overhead in the bitstream114 may be reduced.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating another more specificconfiguration of a method 600 for reducing RPS signal overhead on anelectronic device 302. The electronic device 302 may obtain 602 apicture 226 and encode 604 the picture 226, as discussed previously.

The electronic device may optionally indicate 606 a symmetric flag, suchas symmetric flag, to be sent in bitstream to indicate if the firstpositive RPS index value can be initialized with a negative RPS indexvalue. For example, the symmetric flag may indicate that the index valueshould be initialized to the smallest absolute value of negativeRPS_deltaPoc. Alternatively, the symmetry flag may indicate notinitializing the index value to the smallest absolute value of negativeRPS_deltaPoc. In this case the index value may be initialized to zero.

The electronic device 302 may process 608 a positive number of picturesbased on the index value. In some cases, the processing skips when theindex value is initialized. In other words, when the index value isinitialized, the first iteration of processing the positive RPS indexvalues skips writing the first positive RPS index value to the RPS. Inthe case where only one positive number exits, then no processing ofpositive numbers occur. The electronic device 302 may also send 610 abitstream 314.

Listing (5) shows one example of pseudo code syntax in which the presentmethod may be applied. Modifications to the syntax in accordance withthe systems and methods disclosed herein are denoted in bold.

Listing (5) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++){ write( prev− RPS_deltaPoc(j) − 1); prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j); ... } prev = 0; if(num_positive_pics) write(symmetric_flag); For (j=0; j <num_positive_pics; j++){ k = num_negative_picsnumNegativePictures+ j; if(j>0 ∥ ! symmetric _(—) flag) write(RPS_deltaPoc(j) − prev − 1); prev =RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

When j>0 in processing the positive RPS index value, the condition j=0is skipped. In other words, the first positive reference picture isskipped.

Returning now to the condition where j>0. In this instance, j isinitialized to 0 in the for loop when processing the positive RPS indexvalues. Upon initialization, the processing of positive RPS index valuesskips the first positive RPS index value. For example, in the case ofRPS index values [−8, −4, 4, 6], in processing the positive RPS indexvalues, 4 will be skipped over and only 6 will be added to the RPS indexfor the current picture.

In another example, for index values [−2, −4, 2, 6], if the symmteticflag is true, for the positive RPS_deltaPOC values, the first one mustbe equal to 2, as derived from the negative reference picture indexes.In this manner, processing of the positive RPS index values may beginfrom the second positive RPS index value (e.g., 6). Hierarchical codingstructures, such as Random Access (Hierarchical B), the symmetriccondition between the start of positive and negative RPS index isusually true. This is due to the symmetrical nature of each currentpicture in relation to deltaPOC reference pictures.

In the case of only one positive RPS index value, the electronic device302 may skip processing of the positive values. For example, for indexvalues [−4, −8, 4], after processing, an RPS of [−4, −8] may be sent tothe bitstream. Then upon receipt, the receiving electronic device, suchas a decoder, may receive the RPS index values [−4, −8] and derivereference index values of [−4, −8, 4] for the current picture beingdecoded. Thus, by skipping the first positive reference picture in eachRPS for each current picture, significant overhead savings may beachieved in RPS signaling.

For example, Listing (6) shows syntax for processing RPS index values ona decoder.

Listing (6) ref_pic_set( idx ) { num_negative_pics num_positive_pics If(num _(—) positive _(—) pics) { symmetric _(—) flag } for( i = 0; i <num_negative_pics; i++ ) { delta_poc_s0_minus1[ i ]used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[ i ] } for( i = 0; i < num_positive_pics; i++ ){ If (i!=0 ∥ ! symmetric _(—) flag) { delta_poc_s1_minus1[ i ] }used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[ i ] } }

Listing (6) shows one example a syntax which can be processed by adecoder. This syntax may be generated by an electronic device 302 usingthe approach discussed in connection with Listing (5). For example, thedecoder may check symmetric_flag to see if there is an indication thatthe smallest negative RPS index value is symmetrical with acorresponding positive RPS index value. If symmetric_flag indicatessuch, the decode may decode the RPS and use the absolute value of thesmallest negative RPS index value at the RPS index value of the firstpositive RPS index value. It will be appreciated that other approachesto decode a picture as listed in Listing (6) may be employed whichcorrespond to the encoding approach discussed above in connecting withListing (5).

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a decoder712 on an electronic device 702. The decoder 712 may be included in anelectronic device 702. For example, the decoder 712 may be a HEVCdecoder. The decoder 712 and/or one or more of the elements illustratedas included in the decoder 712 may be implemented in hardware, softwareor a combination of both. The decoder 712 may receive a bitstream 714(e.g., one or more encoded pictures included in the bitstream 714) fordecoding. In some configurations, the received bitstream 714 may includereceived overhead information, such as a received slice header, receivedPPS, received buffer description information, etc. The encoded picturesincluded in the bitstream 714 may include one or more encoded referencepictures and/or one or more other encoded pictures.

Received symbols (in the one or more encoded pictures included in thebitstream 714) may be entropy decoded by an entropy decoding module 768,thereby producing a motion information signal 770 and quantized, scaledand/or transformed coefficients 772.

The motion information signal 770 may be combined with a portion of areference frame signal 798 from a frame memory 778 at a motioncompensation module 774, which may produce an inter-frame predictionsignal 782. The quantized, descaled and/or transformed coefficients 772may be inverse quantized, scaled and inverse transformed by an inversemodule 762, thereby producing a decoded residual signal 784. The decodedresidual signal 784 may be added to a prediction signal 792 to produce acombined signal 786. The prediction signal 792 may be a signal selectedfrom either the inter-frame prediction signal 782 or an intra-frameprediction signal 790 produced by an intra-frame prediction module 788.In some configurations, this signal selection may be based on (e.g.,controlled by) the bitstream 714.

The intra-frame prediction signal 790 may be predicted from previouslydecoded information from the combined signal 792 (in the current frame,for example). The combined signal 792 may also be filtered by ade-blocking filter 794. The resulting filtered signal 796 may be writtento frame memory 778. The resulting filtered signal 796 may include adecoded picture.

The frame memory 778 may include a DPB as described herein. The DPB mayinclude one or more decoded pictures that may be maintained as short orlong term reference frames. The frame memory 778 may also includeoverhead information corresponding to the decoded pictures. For example,the frame memory 778 may include slice headers, PPS information, cycleparameters, buffer description information, etc. One or more of thesepieces of information may be signaled from an encoder (e.g., encoder304). The frame memory 778 may provide a decoded picture 718.

The decoder 712 may include a partial RPS determination module 720, anRPS template module 722 and/or an RPS deletion module 724. The partialRPS determination module 720 may generate a partial RPS based on signalsobtained from the bitstream 714. In some cases, a partial RPS may bedetermined on the decoder 712 based on a full RPS. Greater detailregarding partial RPS determination module 720 is described below.

The RPS template module 722 may derive an RPS template at the decoder712. In some instances, the RPS template may be created based on signalsreceived for the bitstream 714, such as a GOP size, a coding structureand rules.

The RPS deletion module 724 may receive indications at the decoder 712to delete a previously received RPS. For example, the bitstream 714 mayinclude a flag in a PPS and a bit field in a slice header of a picture.The RPS deletion module 724 may assist in identifying missing referencepictures. Greater detail regarding the RPS deletion module 724 will begiven below.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of method 800for reducing RPS signal overhead on an electronic device 702. Theelectronic device 702 may obtain 802 a bitstream 714. For example, thebitstream 714 may be obtained from the electronic device 702 where adecoder 712 is located, or alternatively from another electronic device.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 804 a GOP based on the bitstream714. In some cases, a GOP may be specified as a specific number ofsequential pictures, such as four or eight pictures. For example, theelectronic device 702 may obtain 804 a GOP that includes 8 pictures.

There may be various ways that the electronic device 702 may derive afull RPS. In one configuration, the electronic device 702 may receiveGOP size, coding structure and other necessary information, such as thePPS.

To derive the full RPS, the electronic device 702 may determine thecoding order according to coding structure and GOP size. For instance,with low delay coding, the coding order may be the display order. Inanother instance, with Hierarchical B, the coding order may employminimum decoding delay. In one example that is similar to the exampleillustrated in FIG. 2, a GOP, with a size of 8, will code in the orderof POC 8, 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 7. Alternatively, a coding order may becoded from a lower hierarchy towards higher hierarchy. In this example,a GOP, with the size of 8, will code in the order of POC 0, 8, 4, 2, 6,1, 3, 5, 7. Additionally, a flag can be used to denote which codingorder to use. In some cases, the flag may be a bit flag.

To derive the full RPS, the electronic device 702 may also determine thereference pictures based on coding structure, temporal layer id, numberof reference pictures and additional rules set by the encoder and thedecoder. For example, in the case of low delay coding with N referenceframe, a preceding picture with same or lower temporal layer may alwaysserve as a reference picture. Then, for the remaining N−1 referencepictures, additional rules can be specified to select reference picturesdepending on coding order and/or hierarchy layer. A parameter may beused to specify which rule should be used. An example of this parameteris reference_picture_selection_rule, and is discussed below inassociation with Listing (9).

Additionally, to derive the full RPS, the electronic device 702 may loop(e.g., iterate) the GOP in coding order. The electronic device 702 mayadd or keep reference pictures that will be later referenced inconnection with subsequent pictures. These subsequent pictures may be inthe same or later GOPs then the current picture. If a reference picturesis to be used for reference later, it may be marked for future use.Otherwise, it may be marked, “not for reference.”

The electronic device 702 may derive 806 a partial RPS from a full RPSbased on at least one relative index value. For example, the electronicdevice 702 may attempt to derive a full RPS.

However, because some reference pictures are missing or have not beenobtained, only a partial RPS may be derived.

A partial RPS may be for frames that have unavailable reference picturesdue to IDR or CRA, such as occurs at the start of a picture sequence.For example, suppose a first picture is at POC 8 with RPS index valuesof [−8, −10, −12, −16]. Being the first received picture, it does notyet have reference pictures corresponding to RPS index values [−10, −12,−16]. In this example, the first picture cannot use the full RPS withindex reference values of [−8, −10, −12, −16]. Rather, a partial RPScontains index value [−8], and this index value represents the onlyreference picture that may be used to decode the picture (e.g., POC 8).

The electronic device 702 may then decode 808 a picture based on thepartial RPS. In other words, the electronic device 702 may decode 808 apicture using the reference pictures available to it.

In some implementations, a partial RPS may be additionally derived onthe encoder 304 side of an electronic device 302. However, by deriving apartial RPS at the decoder 712, RPS overhead in the bitstream 714 isreduced due to the partial RPS not being sent over in addition to thefull RPS being sent over.

Listing (7) shows one approach for deriving a partial RPS.

Listing (7) pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { pic_parameter_set_idseq_parameter_set_id entropy_coding_mode_flag num_full_ref_pic_setsnum_partial_ref_pic_sets for(idx = 0; idx < num_full_ref_pic_sets;idx++) ref_pic_set( idx ) i=0 while( idx < NumRefPicSets ) {partial_ref_pic_set_flag[ i ] if( partial_ref_pic_set_flag ) { for( j=0;j < NumNegativePics[ i % num_full_ref_pic_set ]; j++ ) ref_flag[ j ]idx++ } i++ } }

In Listing (7), num_full_ref_pic_sets specifies the number of fullreference picture sets that are specified in the picture parameter set.num_partial_ref_pic_sets specifies the number of partial referencepicture sets that are specified in the picture parameter set.ref_flag[j] specifies whether the content of the full reference pictureset is copied to the partial reference picture set.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 900for deriving a partial RPS on an electronic device 702. In order todecode a picture, the electronic device 702 may need to reference theRPS of the current picture. However, the full RPS may not be available.In this case, a partial RPS may be constructed.

In one configuration, a partial RPS may be constructed by the electronicdevice 702. The electronic device 702 may obtain 902 a bitstream 714 andobtain 904 a GOP based on the bitstream in a similar manner, asdescribed above.

The electronic device 702 may iterate 906 over each picture within theGOP. For instance, the electronic device 702 may loop through eachpicture and identify the RPS index values corresponding to each picture.In some cases, iteration may also occur over multiple GOPs as well.

The electronic device 702 may identify 908 a current picture, where therelative index value corresponds to the current picture. For example,this may be the picture the electronic device 702 is trying to decode.Additionally, in identifying 908 a current picture, the electronicdevice 702 may also identify the POC for the current picture. Forinstance, the POC may specify the POC of the current picture in the GOP.

Listing 8 below shows and example of syntax for generating a partialRPS. In Listing (8) current_poc_in_GOP specifies the current POC in aGOP. current_poc_in_GOP ranges from 1 to the GOP size.

Listing (8) pic_parameter_set ( ) { pic_parameter_set_idseq_paramater_set_id entropy_coding_mode_flag num_ref_pic_setsfor(idx=0; idx < num_ref_pic_sets_idx++){ ref_pic_set(idx)current_poc_in_GOP } ... } ref_pic_set(idx){ num_negative_picsnum_positive_pics for(i = 0; i < num_negative_pics; i++){delta_poc_s0_minus1[i] used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag [i] } for(i = 0; i <num_positive_pics; i++){ delta_poc_s1_minus1[i]used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[i] } }

The electronic device 702 may iterate 910 over the at least one relativeindex value within the full RPS of the current picture. For example, ifthe current picture has RPS index values of [−1, −5, −9, −13], then theelectronic device would loop through reference pictures located atdeltaPOC=−1, deltaPOC=−5, deltaPOC=−9 and deltaPOC=−13.

The electronic device 702 may determine 912 whether a reference pictureis available for each relative index value. In the example above, theelectronic device 702 may attempt to access reference pictures locatedat deltaPOCs=−1, −5, −9 and −13. However, one or more the referencepictures may be missing.

One approach for determining 912 whether a reference picture isavailable is by satisfying the conditioncurrentPOC+refDeltaPOC<POC_of_Latest_CRA. POC_of_Latest_CRA indicatesthe position of the latest clean random access (CRA) picture. In otherwords, POC_of_Latest_CRA is the POC of the latest IDR or CRA picture. Ifan RPS index values refers to a reference picture located before thelatest CRA picture, then the reference picture will not be available.Thus, if currentPOC+refDeltaPOC<POC_of_Latest_CRA is satisfied, then therelative reference picture is missing and is not added to the partialRPS.

As an example, suppose the current picture has a POC of 1. (e.g., POC=1)and POC_of_Latest_CRA is 0. Again, suppose that the current picture hasRPS index values of [−1, −5, −9, −13]. Applying the conditioncurrentPOC+refDeltaPOC for the first index value results in 0 (e.g.,1+−1=0). Because the condition is not satisfied (e.g., 1+−1 is not lessthan 0 or POC_of_Latest_CRA), the first reference index value is addedto the partial RPS. Applying currentPOC+refDeltaPOC to the other RPSreference index values produce results where currentPOC+refDeltaPOC isless than POC_of_Latest_CRA. Thus, no other index values are added tothe partial RPS.

As another example, suppose the current picture has a POC of 5. (e.g.,POC=5). Again, suppose that the current picture has RPS index values of[−1, −5, −9, −13]. Applying the condition currentPOC+refDeltaPOC for theRPS index values results in [4, 0, −4, −8], respectively. Because thefirst two values are not less than zero, the corresponding RPS referenceindex values are added to the partial RPS. Thus, the partial RPS createdin this example has the index values of [−1, −5].

The electronic device 702 may add 914 the reference picture to thepartial RPS if the picture is available. The electronic device 702 mayalso decode 916 the current picture using the partial RPS index values.

In yet other configurations, the electronic device 702 may evaluate thepartial RPS and determine to insert additional pictures. For example, apartial RPS with only one reference to a reference picture may bemodified to include three additional reference pictures that may beuseful in decoding that current picture.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method1000 for deriving an RPS template on an electronic device 702. Asdiscussed in connection with Tables (1)-(4), RPS templates may be usedin video coding to assist in processing frequently used codingstructures. An example of such structure is a Random Access HierarchicalB coding structure with a GOP size equal to 8 or 16. Another example isa Low Delay coding structure with the GOP size equal to 4 or 8.

In one configuration, an RPS template may be created. It should be notedthat creation on an RPS template may be derived at both the encoder anddecoder side without sending the full RPS in the PPS. Further,derivation of the RPS template may occur in connection with, orindependent or the creation of a partial RPS, as discussed above.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 1002 a bitstream 714. Theelectronic device 702 may obtain 1004 a flag that indicates creating theRPS template. For example, the flag may be located and sent in the PPS.

As another example, the electronic device 702 may have and/or obtain aset of rules used to derive RPS templates for commonly used GOP sizes,coding structures, temporal layer settings and temporal interleavingpatterns.

Using these rules, the electronic device 702 may create 1006 an RPStemplate based on a reduced amount of information. For instance, an RPStemplate may be derived by using information regarding the GOP size, thecoding structure and rules. The coding structure, for instance, mayspecify Random Access (Hierarchical B) or Low Delay. The rules may, forexample, specify the settings for the temporal layers. Listing (9) belowshows

Listing (9) below shows syntax of an approach for deriving an RPS.

Listing (9) Picture_parameter_set( idx ) { ...derive_rps_with_model_flag If (derive_rps_with_model){ coding_structureGOP_size_log2 for (i=0; i < GOP_size_log2; i++) {number_reference_pictures } reference_picture_selection_rule if(coding_structure==0) { coding_order } temporal_layer_exist_flag If(temporal_layer_exist_flag) temporal_id_ordering } } ...

derive_rps_with_model_flag specifies whether to derive an RPS at thedecoder side. derive_rps_with_model_flag set to 0 indicates to send theRPS in the PPS. derive_rps_with_model_flag set to 1 indicates to derivethe RPS at the decoder.

coding_structure equal to 0 means that the coding structure isHierarchical B coding. A coding structure equal to 1 denotes that thecoding structure is Low delay coding.

GOP_size_log 2 refers to the log 2 of GOP size. GOP size equals 2^((GOP)^(_) ^(size) ^(_) ^(log2)). number_of_reference_pictures(i) specifiesthe number of reference pictures used per reference picture list (e.g.,RefPicList0 and/or RefPicList1) for the i^(th) hierarchical layer.reference_picture_selection_rule specifies the commonly defined rules toselect a reference picture by an encoder and a decoder.

coding_order may specify rules to determine coding order. A coding_orderof 0 may denote a first coding order and a coding order of 1 may denotea second coding order. In one configuration, for example, a coding orderof 0 may denote the minimum decoding delay order and a coding_order of 1may denote a hierarchy priority order (e.g., coding from the lowesthierarchy layer to a higher hierarchy layer).

temporal_layer_exist_flag specifies if different temporal layers exist.A flag equal to 0 means all frames have the same temporal layer and aflag equal to 1 means different temporal layers exist.

temporal_id_ordering specifies the ordering of pictures with sametemporal_id in a current GOP. For instance, a value of 1 indicates thatpictures in the current GOP with same temporal_id are continuous indecoding order. Alternatively, a value of 0 indicates that pictures inthe current GOP with the same temporal_id are interleaved in decodingorder.

Using the created RPS template, the electronic device 702 may decode1008 a picture. In the case of non-common RPS code structures, the RPStemplate may also be signaled directly sending the RPS template in PPSand/or slice header.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method1100 for creating an indication to delete at least one reference pictureon an electronic device 302. In some known implementations, such as thatgiven in Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCTVC) documentJCTVC-F803_d5, indicating a delete operation on a previously signaledRPS is not supported. In other words, the PPS does not support sending asignal to delete a previously sent RPS.

In another known implementation, such as JCTVC-G637, pruning ofreference picture sets have been proposed. In this implementation, anumber of short term reference pictures that are omitted from aparticular RPS may be signaled in the PPS for pruning. One example ofwhere some of the pictures signaled in RPS are not available, is thefirst GOP following a random access point. However, JCTVC-G637 onlyallows for pruning consecutive negative pictures.

In yet another known implementation, such as JCT-G198, a signalingscheme is proposed that sends a constant deltaRPS value. Also, a sentfield value (e.g., 00) may signal that a previous reference pictureshould not be used (e.g., should be skipped).

In some known implementations, long-term reference pictures (LTRPs) areexplicitly signaled individually in each slice header. Thus, when a LTRPis not signaled, it will be deleted. Accordingly, sending a deletesignal may not be required for a LTRP. However, in some implementationswhere a LTRPs are signaled, the delete mechanism disclosed herein mayadditionally be applied to a LTRP.

The systems and methods disclosed herein may provide one or moreadditional benefits in allowing for signaling a delete operation on apreviously signaled RPS. Additional benefits may be obtained by alsoefficiently signaling a new RPS. In one configuration, an electronicdevice 302 optionally receives 1102 feedback indication of at least onemissing reference picture. The feedback may be from the same or adifferent electronic device. For example, a decoder 712 decoding apicture may discover a missing reference picture in an RPS and sendfeedback to the electronic device 302 regarding the missing referencepicture.

In another configuration no feedback is received by 302. Instead, theelectronic device 302 may send the delete indication after a new CRA orIDR picture has been signaled. For example, a CRA or IDR picture maytrigger the electronic device to send a delete indication to delete oneor more unnecessary reference pictures listed in a preciously receivedRPS.

The electronic device 302 may create 1104 an indication to delete atleast one reference picture listed in a previously provided RPS. Thisstep may occur in conjunction with, or independent of receiving feedbackindicating a missing picture. The electronic device 302 may send 1106the indication in a bitstream.

As an example, a delete indication (e.g., delete signal) may be sentafter the first GOP following a random access point. This may be donewithout the need to receive a feedback from the decoder 712. The deleteindication may be sent as a flag in PPS. For example, the flag value of1 is sent in the PPS to indicate existence of a deletion bit field inthe slice header. Alternatively, the flag value of 0 is sent in the PPSto indicate a deletion bit field is not sent in the slice header.

Additionally and/or alternatively, the delete indication may be sent asa bit field in the slice header for each picture in an indicated RPS.For example, the bit field may send the indication value of 0 in theslice header to indicate deletion of a corresponding reference picturefrom the indicated RPS or the bit field may send the indication value of1 in the slice header to indicate that the corresponding referencepicture should be kept. The bit field may be sent in the slice headerfor each of the reference pictures in the indicated RPS. In anotherconfiguration, such a bit field may be sent in the slice header only forthe negative reference pictures in the indicated RPS. In someconfigurations, the delete indication may be sent both in the PPS and inthe bit field.

Listing (10) below provides one example of syntax that may be used inthe PPS to send a delete indication. Modifications to the syntax inaccordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein are denoted inbold.

Listing (10) /* Picture parameter set raw byte sequence payload (RBSP)syntax */ pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { pic_parameter_set_idseq_parameter_set_id ... delete _(—) pics _(—) info _(—) present _(—)flag ...

In Listing (10), a delete_pics_info_present_flag equal to 1 specifiesthat the slice header may signal a delete operation from the short-termreference picture set included in the picture parameter set. Adelete_pics_info_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no deleteoperation is signaled in the slice header for the short-term referencepicture set included in the picture parameter set. pic_parameter_set_idand seq_parameter_set_id are defined as described above.

Listing (11) below provides one example of syntax that may be used inthe slice header to send a delete indication. Modifications to thesyntax in accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein aredenoted in bold.

Listing (11) slice_header( ) { ... pic_order_cnt_lsbshort_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag if( !short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag )short_term_ref_pic_set( num_short_term_ref_pic_sets ) else {short_term_ref_pic_set_idx if(delete _(—) pics _(—) info _(—) present_(—) flag ) for(j=0;j<(num _(—) negative _(—) pics+num _(—) positive_(—) pics);j++) { keep _(—) pic _(—) flag[j] } } ...

In Listing (11), keep_pic_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that thecorresponding j^(th) short term reference picture from the referencepicture set in the picture parameter set with index shortterm_ref_pic_set_idx should be kept. keep_pic_flag[j] equal to 0specifies that the corresponding j^(th) short term reference picturefrom the reference picture set in the picture parameter set withindex_short_term_ref_pic_set_idx should be deleted (e.g., omitted).

pic_order_cnt_lsb specifies the picture order count moduloMaxPicOrderCntLsb for the top field of a coded frame or for a codedfield. The length of the pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of thepic_order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1,inclusive.

MaxPicOrderCntLsb refers to a maximum possible value for(pic_order_cnt_lsb+1). log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 specifies thevalue of the variable MaxPicOrderCntLsb that is used in the decodingprocess for picture order count as follows: MaxPicOrderCntLsb=2^((log 2)^(_) ^(max) ^(_) ^(pic) ^(_) ^(order) ^(_) ^(cnt) ^(_) ^(lsb) ^(_)^(minus4+4)). The value of log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 may be inthe range of 0 to 12, inclusive.

short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the short-termreference picture set of the current picture shall be created usingsyntax elements in the active picture parameter set.short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the short-termreference picture set of the current picture shall be created usingsyntax elements in the short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure in theslice header.

short_term_ref_pic_set_idx specifies the index to the list of theshort-term reference picture sets specified in the active pictureparameter set that shall be used for creation of the reference pictureset of the current picture. The syntax elementshort_term_ref_pic_set_idx shall be represented by ceil(log2(num_short_term_ref_pic_sets)) bits. The value ofshort_term_ref_pic_set_idx shall be in the range of 0 tonum_short_term_ref_pic_sets−1, inclusive, wherenum_short_term_ref_pic_sets is the syntax element from the activepicture parameter set.

The variable StRpsIdx is derived as shown in Listing (12) below.

Listing (12) if( short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag ) StRpsIdx =short_term_ref_pic_set_idx else StRpsIdx = num_short_term_ref_pic_sets

In Listing (12), short_term_ref_pic_set indicates a short term referencepicture set and num_short_term_ref_pic_sets indicates the total numberof short term reference picture sets.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method1200 for deleting at least one reference picture on an electronic device702. The electronic device 702 may optionally detect 1202 at least onemissing reference picture in the RPS. For example, the electronic device702 may perform steps similar to those described above in connectionwith creating a partial RPS, in which a determination is made as towhether a reference picture is available. Additionally or alternatively,the electronic device 702 may call a reference picture and discover thatit is missing or is corrupt or may detect 1202 a missing referencepicture in other ways.

The electronic device 702 may optionally send 1204 feedback indicatingthe at least one missing reference picture. For example, feedbackthrough a back channel indicating the missing POC, RPS or a variety ofother signals may be sent to indicate a missing picture.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 1206 an indication to delete atleast one reference picture listed in a previously obtained RPS. In oneinstance, the signal may be obtained from a flag in PPS and a bit fieldin slice header for each picture in RPS. For example,delete_pics_info_present_flag and keep_pic_flag[j] may be signaled.

The electronic device 702 may delete 1208 the at least one referencepicture in the previously obtained RPS. In some cases, the deleteindication may be received with a subsequent RPS that should replace theRPS to be deleted. In another case, the indication may specify deletinga previously received RPS that is no longer needed to decode furtherpictures. In yet another case, the indication may be to delete apreviously received RPS so that a subsequent replacement RPS may betransmitted. It should be noted that the steps of obtaining 1206 anindication to delete at least one reference picture and deleting 1208the at least one reference picture may be done in conjunction with, orindependent of the previous steps of detecting 1202 a missing pictureand sending 1204 feedback.

As an example of this, if a previously obtained RPS had the index valuesof [−2, −1, 1, 3, 5], and the electronic device 702 receives anindication to delete the second reference picture, then the previouslyobtained reference set would delete the RPS index value of −1. In otherwords, the previously obtained reference set would become [−2, 1, 3, 5].

FIG. 13 illustrates various components that may be utilized in anelectronic device 1302. The electronic device 1302 may be implemented asone or more of the electronic devices (e.g., electronic devices 102,302, 702) described herein.

The electronic device 1302 includes a processor 1317 that controlsoperation of the electronic device 1302. The processor 1317 may also bereferred to as a CPU. Memory 1311, which may include both read-onlymemory (ROM), random access memory (RAM) or any type of device that maystore information, provides instructions 1313 a (e.g., executableinstructions) and data 1315 a to the processor 1317. A portion of thememory 1311 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM).The memory 1311 may be in electronic communication with the processor1317.

Instructions 1313 b and data 1315 b may also reside in the processor1317. Instructions 1313 b and/or data 1315 b loaded into the processor1317 may also include instructions 1313 a and/or data 1315 a from memory1311 that were loaded for execution or processing by the processor 1317.The instructions 1313 b may be executed by the processor 1317 toimplement the systems and methods disclosed herein.

The electronic device 1302 may include one or more communicationinterface 1319 for communicating with other electronic devices. Thecommunication interfaces 1319 may be based on wired communicationtechnology, wireless communication technology, or both. Examples of acommunication interface 1319 include a serial port, a parallel port, aUniversal Serial Bus (USB), an Ethernet adapter, an IEEE 1394 businterface, a small computer system interface (SCSI) bus interface, aninfrared (IR) communication port, a Bluetooth wireless communicationadapter, a wireless transceiver in accordance with 3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) specifications and so forth.

The electronic device 1302 may include one or more output devices 1323and one or more input devices 1321. Examples of output devices 1323include a speaker, printer, etc. One type of output device that may beincluded in an electronic device 1302 is a display device 1325. Displaydevices 1325 used with configurations disclosed herein may utilize anysuitable image projection technology, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT),liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED), gas plasma,electroluminescence or the like. A display controller 1327 may beprovided for converting data stored in the memory 1311 into text,graphics, and/or moving images (as appropriate) shown on the display1325. Examples of input devices 1321 include a keyboard, mouse,microphone, remote control device, button, joystick, trackball,touchpad, touchscreen, lightpen, etc.

The various components of the electronic device 1302 are coupledtogether by a bus system 1329, which may include a power bus, a controlsignal bus and a status signal bus, in addition to a data bus. However,for the sake of clarity, the various buses are illustrated in FIG. 13 asthe bus system 1329. The electronic device 1302 illustrated in FIG. 13is a functional block diagram rather than a listing of specificcomponents.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method1400 for decoding a picture on an electronic device 702. The electronicdevice 702 may obtain 1402 a bitstream 714. For example, the bitstream714 may be obtained from the electronic device 702 (from memory, forexample), or may be received from another electronic device.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 1404 a current picture. Forinstance, the electronic device 702 may obtain 1404 a current pictureembedded in the bitstream 714.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 1406 a relative RPS parameter. Forexample, the relative RPS may be signaled in the PPS. Accordingly, therelative RPS parameter may be obtained from the PPS. In someconfigurations, the relative RPS parameter may be a negative relativeRPS parameter. In other configurations, the relative RPS parameter maybe a positive relative RPS parameter. In some configurations, therelative negative RPS parameter may be a negative RPS index value. Forexample, a negative RPS index value may be relative to the currentpicture obtained. In other words, the relative RPS index value may referto the location of a reference picture relative to the index position ofthe current picture.

While some examples and configurations refer to the relative RPSparameter as a negative RPS parameter, it should be appreciated that apositive parameter may be used in a respective manner. In other words,even though examples are given herein pertaining to a negative relativeRPS parameter, similar examples using a positive relative RPS parametermay be employed. Likewise, other examples to positive or negativeconnotation, in many cases, may be reversed.

The electronic device 702 may initialize 1408 an index value. In someconfigurations, the electronic device 702 may initialize the index valueto 0. In other configurations, the electronic device 702 may initializethe index value based on an obtained parameter.

The electronic device 702 may process 1410 another RPS parameter basedon the index value. In some configurations, the other RPS parameter maybe a positive RPS parameter. In other configurations, the other RPSparameter may be a negative RPS parameter. In some configurations, theother RPS parameter may be a positive RPS index value. For example,Listing (13) below illustrates one approach to processing a positive RPSparameter based on the index value.

Listing (13) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++){ value =read( ) ; RPS_deltaPoc(j) = prev − value −1 ; prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j);... } prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_positive_pics; j++){ k =num_negative_pics+ j; value = read( ) ; RPS_deltaPoc(k) = value + 1 +prev ; prev = RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

In Listing (13), value=read( ) represents reading information from thebitstream. In some configurations, the index value may be “prev” asshown in Listing (13). In some configurations, the index value may beRPS_deltaPoc. Furthermore, in some configurations, the index value maybe initialized to 0. In other configurations, the index value may beinitialized to the smallest absolute value of the negative RPS indexvalue. In yet other configurations, the index value may be initializedto the negative of the smallest value of a positive RPS index value(e.g., the smallest positive RPS index value times −1). In someconfigurations or instances, the index value may be initialized to anon-zero value.

Similar to the relative RPS parameter, it should be noted that the otherRPS parameter may be a positive or negative. In other words, even thoughexamples are given herein pertaining to a positive RPS parameter,similar examples using a negative RPS parameter may be employed.Accordingly, the relative RPS parameter may be negative while the otherRPS parameter is positive in some configurations. Alternatively, therelative RPS parameter may be positive while the other RPS parameter isnegative in some configurations. In general, the relative RPS parameterand the other RPS parameter may have different signs (e.g., negative orpositive).

The electronic device 702 may decode 1412 the current picture. This maybe performed, for example, on a decoder 712. The encoder 712 may be anHEVC type decoder 712.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating a more specific configuration ofa method 1500 for decoding a picture on an electronic device. In oneconfiguration, the electronic device 702 may obtain 1502 a bitstream,obtain 1504 a current picture and obtain 1506 a relative RPS parameteras discussed previously in connection with FIG. 14.

The electronic device 702 may initialize 1508 an index value based onthe relative RPS parameter. For instance, Listing (14) shows one exampleof syntax for initializing 1508 an index value based on a relativenegative RPS parameter. Modifications to the syntax in accordance withthe systems and methods disclosed herein are denoted in bold. In someconfigurations, the approaches discussed in connection with Listing (14)may correspond to the approaches with Listing (4) discussed previously.

Listing (14) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++){ value =read( ) ; RPS_deltaPoc(j) = prev − value − 1 ; prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j);... } prev = (smallest absolute value of negative RPS _(—) deltaPoc) −1; For (j=0; j < num_positive_pics; j++){ k = num_negative_pics+ j;value = read( ) ; RPS_deltaPoc(k) = value + 1 + prev ; prev =RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

In some configurations, the index value may be “prev” in Listing (14),which may represent a previous index value. In this case, prev may beinitialized based on the smallest absolute value of negativeRPS_deltaPoc. RPS_deltaPOC refers to the RPS index values.

For example, suppose an RPS with reference indexes of [−2, −4, 2] isobtained by the electronic device 702. However, because of encoding asin the approach discussed in connection with FIG. 4, for example, thefirst positive RPS index received at the electronic device 702 may havea value of 0. The negative RPS index values are processed to generateone or more relative negative RPS parameters. Here, −2 is obtained asthe relative negative RPS parameter.

Continuing with this example, the index value is initialized 1508 basedon the relative negative RPS parameter. Listing (14) shows that prev maybe initialized based on the relative negative RPS parameter. Here, previs initialized based on the relative negative RPS parameter −2. In someinstances, the relative negative RPS parameter may be the smallestabsolute value taken from the set of negative RPS index values for acurrent picture. Thus, prev is initialized to the smallest absolutevalue taken from the set of negative RPS index values minus 1. In otherwords, prev=1 (e.g., |−2|−1).

The electronic device 702 may process 1510 another RPS parameter basedon the index value. For instance, returning to the above example, theelectronic device 702 may process 1510 another RPS parameter based onprev=1. In one instance, processing the positive RPS parameter mayinvolve employing RPS_deltaPoc(k)=value+1+prev. In this instance,RPS_deltaPoc(k) would equal a value (e.g., relative value of 0) plus 1plus prev (1). In other words, RPS_deltaPoc(k)=2. Thus, in this example,the positive RPS parameter generated is 2. Additionally, the generatedRPS index values for the current picture is [−2, −4, 2].

Once the RPS index values are obtained, the electronic device 702 maydecode 1512 the current picture. For example, the current picture mayuse the generated RPS index values for decoding.

In another example, suppose that the RPS has index values of [−4, −6,4]. Here, −4 would be obtained as the negative relative RPS parameter.The index value may be initialized to 3, or to the smallest absolutevalue of the negative RPS index values minus 1. In other words,prev=|−4|−1=3. Processing a positive RPS parameter value would result inan RPS index value of 4. Thus, in this example, the set of RPS indexvalues would be [−4, −6, 4].

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating another more specificconfiguration of a method 1600 for decoding a picture on an electronicdevice 702. The electronic device 702 may obtain 1602 a bitstream,obtain 1604 a current picture and obtain 1606 a relative RPS parameteras discussed previously in connection with FIG. 14.

The electronic device 702 may obtain 1608 a symmetric flag. In someconfigurations, the symmetric flag may be the same or similar to thesymmetric flag discussed previously. For example, the symmetric flag mayindicate that the relative negative RPS parameter corresponds to thepositive RPS parameter. For instance, given a set of RPS index values[−2, −6, 2, 4], the symmetric flag may indicate that the index value of−2 corresponds to the index value of 2.

Additionally, The symmetric_flag may be sent in a bitstream 714 toindicate if the first positive RPS index value can be initialized with anegative RPS index value. For example, the symmetric flag may indicatethat the index value should be initialized to the smallest absolutevalue of negative RPS_deltaPoc values. Alternatively, the symmetry flagmay indicate not initializing the index value to the smallest absolutevalue of negative RPS_deltaPoc values. In this case, the index value maybe initialized to zero.

The electronic device 702 may initialize 1610 an index value based onthe relative negative RPS parameter and the symmetric flag. As oneexample, Listing (15) below illustrates one approach of initializing1610 an index value based on the relative negative RPS parameter and thesymmetric flag. Modifications to the syntax in accordance with thesystems and methods disclosed herein are denoted in bold.

Listing (15) prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_negative_pics; j++){  value =read( ); RPS_deltaPoc(j) = prev − value −1;  prev = RPS_deltaPoc(j); ... } If (num _(—) positive _(—) pics > 0) { symmetric _(—) flag =read( ); if (symmetric _(—) flag == true) {  RPS _(—) deltaPoc(num _(—)negative _(—) pics) =  (smallest absolute value of negative RPS _(—)deltaPoc) ; } } prev = 0; For (j=0; j < num_positive_pics; j++){  k =num_negative_pics+ j; if (j>0 ∥ !symmetric _(—) flag) { value = read( ); RPS_deltaPoc(k) = value + 1 + prev ; }  prev = RPS_deltaPoc(k); ... }

In one configuration of Listing (15), RPS_deltaPOC(num_negative_pics−1)stores the negative RPS index values. RPS_deltaPOC(num_negative_pics) toRPS_deltaPOC(num_negative_pics+num_positive_pics−1) stores the positiveRPS index values. In this case, RPS_deltaPoc(num_negative_pics) abovestores the first positive RPS index value. In other words,RPS_deltaPoc(num_negative_pics) refers to the first positive RPS indexvalue. First, the electronic device 702 verifies that there is at leastone positive RPS index value. Then the electronic device 702 determineswhether there is a symmetric flag and if the flag is set to true. If thethere is a symmetric flag set to true, the electronic device 702initializes 1610 an index value based on the relative negative RPSparameter. Thus, the initialization of the index value is based on boththe relative negative RPS parameter and the symmetric flag. In thisconfiguration, the index value of RPS_deltaPoc(num_negative_pics) isinitialized to the smallest absolute value of negative RPS_deltaPoc. Forexample, in the case of RPS index values [−8, −4, 4, 6], the firstpositive RPS index value may be initialized to 4, or the smallestabsolute value of negative RPS_deltaPoc.

The electronic device 702 may process 1612 one or more other RPSparameters based on the index value. For instance, with a positive indexvalue of 4, the electronic device 702 may be able to generate the secondpositive RPS index value of 6 in the example above. Further, theelectronic device 702 may skip processing at least one of the other RPSparameters when the index value is initialized. In other words, when thefirst positive RPS index value is initialized, processing the positiveRPS index values skips to the second positive RPS index value. Forinstance, in the example above, when the first positive RPS index valueis initialized to 4, processing skips to the second positive RPS indexvalue to generate a value of 6. Thus, in this example, the set of RPSindex values [−8, −4, 4, 6] is obtained.

In some cases, where there is only one positive RPS index value,processing of the positive RPS index valued may be skipped uponinitialization of the index value. For example, for index values [−4,−8, 4], the electronic device 702 may receive the RPS index values [−4,−8] and derive reference index values of [−4, −8, 4] for the currentpicture being decoded. Thus, by skipping processing of the firstpositive reference picture in each RPS for each current picture,processing time may be reduced.

Once the RPS index values are obtained, the electronic device 702 maydecode 1614 the current picture. For example, the current picture mayuse the processed RPS index values for decoding.

In another example, for the RPS index values [−2, −4, 2, 6], if thesymmetric_flag is true, for the positive RPS_deltaPOC values, the firstone must be equal to 2, as derived from the negative RPS index values.Other positive RPS index values may also be generated from theinitialized index value. For instance, processing of the positive RPSindex values may begin from the second positive RPS index value (e.g.,6) and may be based on the initialized index value of 2.

The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any available medium thatcan be accessed by a computer or a processor. The term“computer-readable medium,” as used herein, may denote a computer-and/or processor-readable medium that is non-transitory and tangible. Byway of example, and not limitation, a computer-readable orprocessor-readable medium may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storagedevices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desiredprogram code in the form of instructions or data structures and that canbe accessed by a computer or processor. Disk and disc, as used herein,includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatiledisc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproducedata magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.

It should be noted that one or more of the methods described herein maybe implemented in and/or performed using hardware. For example, one ormore of the methods or approaches described herein may be implemented inand/or realized using a chipset, an ASIC, a large-scale integratedcircuit (LSI) or integrated circuit, etc.

Each of the methods disclosed herein comprises one or more steps oractions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/oractions may be interchanged with one another and/or combined into asingle step without departing from the scope of the claims. In otherwords, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required forproper operation of the method that is being described, the order and/oruse of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departingfrom the scope of the claims.

It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the preciseconfiguration and components illustrated above. Various modifications,changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation anddetails of the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein withoutdeparting from the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A electronic device comprising a decoder fordecoding a video bitstream, the decoder is configured for performing amethod comprising identifying a reference picture set from thebitstream, wherein the bitstream includes at least one flagcorresponding to at least one reference picture of the reference pictureset, wherein a current picture is associated with the reference pictureset and encoded in the bitstream; and decoding the current picture fromthe bitstream using inter prediction with some reference pictures withinthe reference picture set; decoding the at least one flag from thebitstream, wherein the least on flag indicates that the at least onereference picture is to be kept for decoding subsequent pictures, andwherein the at least one reference picture is not used for decoding thecurrent picture.
 2. The electronic device of claim 1, whereinidentifying the reference picture set is based on a slice headerobtained from said bitstream.
 3. A electronic device comprising aencoder for encoding a video bitstream, the encoder is configured forperforming a method comprising: generating a reference picture set for acurrent picture of the video bitstream; encoding a block of the currentpicture using inter prediction with some reference pictures within thereference picture set; sending said reference picture set to saidbitstream; sending, to the bitstream, at least one flag corresponding toat least one reference picture of the reference picture set, wherein theleast on flag indicates that the at least one reference picture is notto be used for decoding the current picture and is to be kept fordecoding subsequent pictures; and sending said encoded block to thebitstream.
 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein sending thereference picture set is sent via a slice header.
 5. A devicecomprising: non-transitory memory for storing computer-executableinstructions; and a processor operatively coupled to the non-transitorymemory, the processor being configured to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to: identify a reference picture setfrom the bitstream, wherein the bitstream includes at least one flagcorresponding to at least one reference picture of the reference pictureset, wherein a current picture is associated with the reference pictureset and encoded in the bitstream; decode the current picture from thebitstream using inter prediction with some reference pictures within thereference picture set; and decode the at least one flag from thebitstream, wherein the least on flag indicates that the at least onereference picture is to be kept for decoding subsequent pictures, andwherein the at least one reference picture is not used for decoding thecurrent picture.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the processor beingconfigured to execute the computer-executable instructions to: identifythe reference picture set is based on a slice header obtained from saidbitstream.
 7. A device comprising: non-transitory memory for storingcomputer-executable instructions; and a processor operatively coupled tothe non-transitory memory, the processor being configured to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to: generate a reference picture setfor a current picture of the video bitstream; encode a block of thecurrent picture using inter prediction with some reference pictureswithin the reference picture set; send said reference picture set tosaid bitstream; send, to the bitstream, at least one flag correspondingto at least one reference picture of the reference picture set, whereinthe least on flag indicates that the at least one reference picture isnot to be used for decoding the current picture and is to be kept fordecoding subsequent pictures; and send said encoded block to thebitstream.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the processor beingconfigured to execute the computer-executable instructions to: send thereference picture set is sent via a slice header.